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Grade: elementary
Subject: Mathematics
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Topic: FractionsGrade Level: 2-3
Objectives:
Broad:
By performing this activity, students will become familiar with fractions, and have a meaningful experience to relate them to. It is hoped that students will become more comfortable with using fractions and have a better understanding of them.
Narrow:
Students will be able to write a fraction to describe what part of a region isshaded. They will also be able to name the numerator and denominator in a
fraction. Finally, students will be able to identify equal fractions.
The Lesson:
Anticipatory Set:
Imagine that you had a pizza and you wanted to share it with 7 of your friends. How would you divide that pizza up so that each of you received an equal amount? Tell students that through this activity they will learn how to divide something into equal parts by learning about fractions.
Activity For Concept Development:
Day 1:Give each student a piece of plain white paper and request that they fold it in half. Now explain that you have divided a whole piece of paper into two equal parts and that a fraction is simply a part of a whole. Ask the students to color in one of the two equal parts, and have one student write ¸ on the board to show that one out of the two equal parts is now shaded.
Now is a good time to introduce the terms numerator and denominator. Explain the numerator to be the number of parts that are shaded and the denominator is the total number of equal parts. Students may remember the association better when it is explained that down and denominator both start with D.
After you have given this instruction, perform the same activity with pieces of paper to describe fractions such as ¹, ², 1Û8, 2Û3, etc. Each time this is done, have students write the fraction on the board and identify the numerator and denominator.
Day 2 (or later in day 1):To teach equivalent fractions, have students take out the paper they had folded in half to demonstrate the fraction ¸. Have them fold it again to divide the paper into fourths. Ask them to unfold the paper and describe what they notice. If students do not catch on, explain to them that they have divided the paper into fourths and that 2Û4 of the paper is shaded and that this is equal to ¸. Another way to do this is to ask what fraction is shaded and students should respond that 2Û4 and ¸ are both shaded. Since the amount of shading has not changed, this means that ¸ is equal to 2Û4. Have students fold the same paper in half again to demonstrate that ¸ is equal to 2Û4 which is equal to 4Û8. Follow this up with other equivalent fractions such as 2Û3 is equal to 4Û6.
Practice:Ask students to continue exploring by folding papers and trying to come up with as many different equivalent fractions as they can. This part could be made into a game to increase motivation, with a reward for the winner with the most equivalent fractions. Also request that students identify the numerator and denominator in their examples.
Closure:To wrap up this lesson, return to the pizza question presented in the anticipatory set. Question students on what a solution could be for dividing up the pizza to give to 8 people. Most likely, students will realize that the pizza should be cut in half, then cut in half a second and a third time to divide the pizza into 8 equal parts. You may need to lead students into finding this solution. Another way to make this even more meaningful is to give students round pieces of paper and have them fold it to divide it into 8 equal parts.
Materials:
Teacher:
Plain white paper, perhaps some cut in circles, chalkboard, and chalk.
Students:
Markers.Bibliography:
* Lofties, Elizabeth. "CECmath.39." Big Sky Telegraph Math Lesson Plans. gopher://bvsd.k12.co.us:70/00/Educational_Resources/Lesson_Plans/Big%20Sky/ math/CECmath.39 (24, Sept. 1996).
Reys, R. E., Suydam, M. N., & Lindquist, M. M. (1995). Helping children learn mathematics (4th ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
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