Research indicates that cooperative learning increases achievement. (Marzano, Robert. Classroom Instruction That Works. Prentice Hall, 2004. p. 87)

Here are a dozen things to consider when setting up and implementing independent and small-group activities in order to foster that result:

1. Provide instruction and activities that match students of varying skill levels.
2. Assess student progress frequently by monitoring student work and error patterns to identify what needs to be re-taught.
3. Avoid using worksheets as the primary focus of small-group work. Worksheets should be kept to a minimum, if not eliminated altogether.
4. Establish clear routines for students to follow. Model and practice those routines. Rehearse the expectations and review expectations frequently.
5. Notice positive group behavior. Research indicates that teachers should give students more positive comments than negative comments.
6. Calmly, quietly, and quickly approach and redirect students who are off task. Use a nonverbal cue, a cue card (see cue card example)
7. Use proximity control. The co-teaching environment makes this much more doable.
8. Use assessment data to create lesson plans and determine the groups.
9. Keep groups small, preferably three to four students to a group. Sometimes it might even be appropriate to have pairs.
10. Change groups as students grow or test out of a curriculum section.
11. Describe, show an example, or model the expectations for assignments and activities as well as examples of what the outcome should, and should not, look like.
12. Correct misbehavior and teach appropriate behavior and expectations (we cannot assume that students know what to do)

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