Welcome Guest!
Teachers are welcome to read and post on Teachers.Net.
Login to access to these free features:
• Relaxed spam filters
• Post pics, links & comments
• Get notified of responses |
• Join teacher groups
• Apply to teacher jobs
• Post a resume |
Welcome Guest!
You must login to comment on posts.
Login to access to these free features:
• Relaxed spam filters
• Post links & upload pics
• Get notified of responses |
• Join teacher groups
• Apply to teacher jobs
• Post a resume |
Welcome Guest!
Your account must login to post.
Login to access to these free features:
• Relaxed spam filters
• Post, comment, & upload pics
• Get notified of responses |
• Join teacher groups
• Apply to teacher jobs
• Post a resume |
by Jacky Cheng
Jun 22, 2004
/blockquote>
Citrus Aurantium Extract Synephrine
a leading manufacturer and supplier Citrus Aurantium
extract of in China
Company: Hangzhou Greensky Biological Tech.Co.,Ltd
Website: [link removed]> .
by Jacky Cheng
Jun 22, 2004
/blockquote>
Hesperidin
Specification:
1. Hesperidin£¨Light density£© 93%,95%,98% HPLC
2. Hesperidin£¨Heavy density£© 93%,95%,98% HPLC
3. Hesperidin 93%-98% (UV)
4. Methyl Hesperidin 94% HPLC
a leading manufacturer and supplier of Hesperidin in
China
Company:Hangzhou Greensky Biological Tech.Co.,Ltd
W...See More/blockquote>
Hesperidin
Specification:
1. Hesperidin£¨Light density£© 93%,95%,98% HPLC
2. Hesperidin£¨Heavy density£© 93%,95%,98% HPLC
3. Hesperidin 93%-98% (UV)
4. Methyl Hesperidin 94% HPLC
a leading manufacturer and supplier of Hesperidin in
China
Company:Hangzhou Greensky Biological Tech.Co.,Ltd
Website: [link removed]
DESCRIPTION
The flavonoid hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside
(glucoside) comprised of the flavanone (a class of
flavonoids) hesperitin and the disaccharide rutinose.
Hesperidin is the predominant flavonoid in lemons and
oranges. The peel and membranous parts of these fruits
have the highest hesperidin concentrations. Therefore,
orange juice containing pulp is richer in the flavonoid
than that without pulp. Sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis)
and tangelos are the richest dietary sources of
hesperidin. Hesperidin is classified as a citrus
bioflavonoid.
Hesperidin, in combination with a flavone glycoside called
diosmin, is used in Europe for the treatment of venous
insufficiency and hemorrhoids. Hesperidin, rutin and other
flavonoids thought to reduce capillary permeability and to
have anti-inflammatory action were collectively known as
vitamin P. These substances, however, are not vitamins and
are no longer referred to, except in older literature, as
vitamin P.
Hesperidin is a solid substance with low solubility in
water. It is, however, much more soluble in water than its
aglycone hesperetin. Hesperidin's molecular formula is
C28H34O15, and its molecular weight is 610.57 daltons.
The disaccharide of hesperidin, rutinose, is comprised of
the sugars rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose) and glucose.
Hesperidin is also known as hesperetin 7-rhamnoglucoside,
hesperetin-7-rutinoside and (S)-7-[[6-0-(6-deoxy-alpha-L-
mannop- yranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] oxy]-2, 3-dihydro-
5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-
one. Hesperidin is represented by the following chemical
structure:
Hesperidin
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
ACTIONS
Hesperidin may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-
allergic, hypolipidemic, vasoprotective and
anticarcinogenic actions.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Although some studies indicate that hesperidin has
antioxidant activity in vivo, others do not demonstrate
antioxidant activity in vitro.
The possible anti-inflammatory action of hesperidin is
probably due to the possible anti-inflammatory action of
its aglycone hesperetin. Hesperetin appears to interfere
with the metabolism of arachidonic acid as well as with
histamine release. Hesperetin appears to inhibit
phospholipase A2, lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase. There
is evidence that hesperetin inhibits histamine release
from mast cells, which would account for the possible anti-
allergic activity of hesperidin.
Again, the possible hypolipidemic effect of hesperidin is
probably due to hesperetin's possible action in lipid
lowering. Hesperetin may reduce plasma cholesterol levels
by inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A
(HMG CoA) reductase, as well as acyl coenzyme A:
cholesterol acytransferase (ACAT). Inhibition of these
enzymes by hesperetin has been demonstrated in rats fed a
high cholesterol diet.
The mechanism of hesperidin's possible vasoprotective
action is unclear. Animal studies have shown that
hesperidin decreases microvascular permeability.
Hesperidin, itself or via hesperetin, may protect
endothelial cells from hypoxia by stimulating certain
mitochondrial enzymes, such as succinate dehydrogenase.
The mechanism of hesperidin's possible anticarcinogenic
action is also unclear. One explanation may be the
inhibition of polyamine synthesis. Inhibition of
lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase is another possibility.
PHARMACOKINETICS
There is not much known about the pharmacokinetics of
hesperidin in humans. It is unclear if hesperidin itself
is absorbed from the intestine intact as a glycoside. The
aglycone hesperetin is detected in the serum following
ingestion and may be formed prior to or following
absorption. Hesperetin may undergo glucuronidation in the
wall of the intestine, as well as in the liver. Hesperetin
is detected in the urine within three hours after
ingestion of hesperidin. Urinary excretion appears to be
the major route of excretion of the aglycone. Not much
more is known about the metabolism of hesperidin.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hesperidin has demonstrated some ability to favorably
affect lipids and to treat some vascular disorders in
humans. Other claims made for hesperidin are based on in
vitro and animal studies. These include claims that
hesperidin is useful in cancer and immune disorders. There
are also claims that hesperidin is an anti-allergen and
anti-inflammatory agent based on results from animal
experiments.
RESEARCH SUMMARY
In several animal studies, hesperidin has significantly
increased HDL-cholesterol while lowering total lipid and
triglyceride plasma levels. A recent clinical trial tested
the effects of hesperidin-rich orange juice in 25 subjects
with elevated cholesterol levels. Subjects drank one glass
of orange juice daily for four weeks, two glasses daily
for four weeks and three glasses daily for four weeks. By
the third phase of the study, HDL levels in these subjects
increased 21% and the LDL/HDL ratio dropped 16%. Folate
levels significantly increased. This was interpreted as a
positive result, as well, since folate has been shown to
cause declines in levels of homocysteine which, at high
levels, is believed to increase the risk of heart disease.
These positive effects, attributed by the researchers to
the hesperidin content of orange juice, persisted
throughout a five-week washout period that followed the
conclusion of testing. During that period, subjects were
asked not to drink any juice.
Hesperidin has demonstrated antihypertensive and diuretic
effects in both normotensive rats and spontaneously
hypertensive rats. It has also shown some ability to
protect against ischemia-reperfusion tissue damage in some
animal models.
In combination with micronized diosmin, hesperidin has
significantly improved acute internal hemorrhoids of
pregnancy in a clinical open trial.
Anticancer, antimutagenic and immune-modulating effects
have been seen with the use of hesperidin in numerous in
vitro and animal studies. Among the cancers investigated
in these studies are esophageal, colon, urinary bladder
and skin cancers. In one study that compared the cancer-
inhibiting effects of a number of dietary flavonoids and
bioflavonoids, hesperidin, hesperetin and catechin were
said to be the most potent. More research is needed.
Similarly, more research is warranted to see whether
preliminary animal studies suggesting that hesperidin may
have significant antiallergenic and antiinflammatory
effects will have clinical relevance.
CONTRAINDICATIONS, PRECAUTIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hesperidin is contraindicated in those who are
hypersensitive to hesperidin or any component of an
hesperidin-containing product.
PRECAUTIONS
Pregnant women and nursing mothers should avoid use of
supplemental hesperidin at doses higher than may be found
in some multivitamin preparations (about 20 mg) unless
such use is recommended by a physician.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Supplemental hesperidin is usually well tolerated. Adverse
reactions include gastrointestinal ones, such as nausea.
INTERACTIONS
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
Vitamin C: The interaction between flavonoids, such as
hesperidin and hesperetin, and vitamin C is unclear. It
has been believed for some time that flavonoids work
synergistically with vitamin C, enhancing the absorption
of the vitamin and preventing its oxidation. However,
recent research indicates that flavonoids, such as
hesperetin, may actually inhibit the uptake of vitamin C
into cells. More research is needed to clarify this issue.
OVERDOSAGE
There are no reports of overdosage.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Hesperidin is present in such nutritional supplements as
vitamin C with bioflavonoids. Typical dose in these
products is about 20 mg. Hesperidin is available in
hesperidin-complex supplements. Doses for this type of
supplement are usually 500 mg to 2 grams daily. In Europe,
hesperidin is available for the management of venous
insufficiency and hemorrhoids in a combination product
with diosmin. A 500-mg dose of this combination product is
comprised of 50 mg of hesperidin and 450 mg of diosmin.
Dose for this mixed flavonoid product, for the above
conditions, is 1 to 3 grams daily. Another flavonoid,
hesperidin methyl chalcone, is often marketed in
formulations with hesperidin. This is a different
flavonoid, and very few studies have been performed using
it. A good source of hesperidin is orange juice containing
pulp.
a leading manufacturer and supplier of Hesperidin in
China
Company:Hangzhou Greensky Biological Tech.Co.,Ltd
Website: [link removed]
/blockquote>
With families being the heart of our business, The
Bittersweet Candle Company takes pride in providing a
quality fundraising program that offers a 40% profit to
help your community. Whether you would like to raise
funds for a little league baseball team, a dance squad
competition, additional books for yo...See More/blockquote>
With families being the heart of our business, The
Bittersweet Candle Company takes pride in providing a
quality fundraising program that offers a 40% profit to
help your community. Whether you would like to raise
funds for a little league baseball team, a dance squad
competition, additional books for your school, equipment
updates, charity, field trips, camps or even collect
donations for medical research (Relay for Life, March of
Dimes, etc...), every cause is important to increase the
quality of life.
The Bittersweet Candle Company is a family owned, direct
sales company that provides the best hand-made premium
candle on the market. It all started in the basement of
Gene and Heather Kramer four years ago. Their goal was to
provide a more efficient candle that would burn cleaner
and longer than most candles. After much research, Gene
and Heather found the perfect formulation with the highest
quality raw materials.
Besides an instant 40% profit, the fundraising program
includes free personalized labeling, excellent customer
service and quality hand-made American products. We even
offer an express shipping option upon request. We offer
both 8 ounce jars and 2-pack votives in 6 fragrances that
are sure to tempt every consumer, as well as 4 different
blends of gourmet coffee. The search for a fundraising
program that is both profitable and simple is over. As
the Fundraising Director for The Bittersweet Candle
Company I invite you to try our fundraising program and
enjoy all of the benefits we offer.
Fundraising Director
The Bittersweet Candle Company
P.O. Box 7097
Greenwood, IN 46142
317-881-2930
[email removed]
/blockquote>
NO candles, no candy, NOTHING ELSE ---ok?
We want to sell posters!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Like Argus used to have!
Can anyone help?
Please do not try to tell me about other stuff. You are
wasting your time.
by Mrs. Helle
Jul 8, 2004
/blockquote>
"No catalog sales" is what I was told! I teach in a very
poor, rural community and I need a way to come up with
enough money to purchase band uniforms! YIKES!
next page »
« prev page
Teacher Chatboards
On 6/22/04, Tiffany wrote:
> This wonderful opportunity is open to your club and
> families all around our nation to host an International
> exchange student. As educators and club advisors you know
> the benefit of having these students in your classroom and
> the hallways of your local high ...See More